This article examines the merit of the test of the average consumer as a basis for judicial and regulatory action. In the first part, we describe the origin of the test, its application in the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive and its possible developments. In the second part, we discuss the...

This article investigates the links of the average consumer concept in secondary legislation and the Court's case law, using doctrinal and empirical methods. It addresses five research questions: How is the average consumer test conceptualised? How does the CJEU test the average consumer? How is...

People make mistakes with debt, partly because the chance to buy now and pay later tempts them to do things that are not in their long-term interest. Lenders sell credit products that exploit this vulnerability. In this Article, I argue that critiques of these products, particularly those that...