for productivity improvements, which are urgently required to ensure stronger growth in Russia because of a shrinking …

After 18 years of negotiations, Russia has joined the World Trade Organization. This paper assesses how the tariff … average “bound” tariff rate of Russia under its World Trade Organization commitments will be 8.6 percent, that is, 0 ….7 percentage points higher than the applied tariffs. Russia's commitments represent significant tariff liberalization, but compared …

This report investigates the environmental impacts of Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization. A 10-region … Trade Organization accession along with environmental emissions data in Russia for seven pollutants that are tracked for all … Organization accession allows Russia to import better technologies and reduce pollution from the “technique effect,” on balance …