This paper estimates economies of scale and scope for banks within the Eurozone between 2002 and 2011 and attempts to uncover the sources of those economies of scale and scope. Economies of scale are found to be positive and significant for all years and at all asset levels. When implicit...

In the early 1990s the European Commission and the national governments of the EU member states initiated an extensive deregulation and liberalization process in the European railway industry. Prior to this process, the European railway industry was characterized by loosely connected national...