1860, we estimate the responsiveness of domestic production to fluctuations in import prices and conclude that the industry …

Are retaliatiory tariffs politically targeted and, if so, are they effective? Do countries designing a retaliation …

represented 83% of the world's population and 91% of the world's GDP in 2013. We address five questions: Do some countries have … more liberal trading regimes than others? Within countries, which industries receive the most import protection? How do …, how liberalized is world trade? Our analysis documents the extent of cross-sectional heterogeneity in applied commercial …

tariffs around the world improving our understanding of how countries set tariffs substantially. …This paper presents a new global tariff database covering tariffs at the six-digit product level for 197 importing … data and misreporting, almost doubling the number of available tariffs from 2.9 to 5.7 billion. The improvement in the data …

countrywide profits benefit from small import tariffs, whereas the foreign counterpart is hit, but when sectors share the same …, cross-sector protectionism generates a reduction in the foreign wage without affecting the domestic wage. Domestic … textbook version theory of the optimal tariff in partial equilibrium. Rationalization of these effects suggests a political …