This is the second out of four papers devoted to the 2021 German federal elections continuing our analysis of the 2009 …, 2013 and 2017 Bundestag elections. This paper arranges the contesting parties into a 'spectrum' that reflects the spatial …

seats to parties in the mixed-member proportional representation systems in Germany, New Zealand, Bolivia, South Africa … solution to the apportionment problem. All of these are illustrated using the example of the 2021 German Bundestag elections. …

effects of direct democracy. Town meetings (popular assemblies) replace local councils in small German municipalities below a … specific population threshold. Difference-in-differences, RD and event study estimates consistently show that direct democracy …% under direct democracy. We do not find that business tax rates change. Direct democracy allows citizens to design tax …

published before the German parliamentary elections 2009 and on relevant polls of public opinion. … 'Mathematical Theory of Democracy' by the author at the Faculty of Economics of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. One new … of public opinion polls on the same issues. The test is based on estimating the statistical significance of the …

a simplified two-period setting. We find that, in elections involving three or more candidates, voters with a strong …

Who will vote quadratically in large-N elections under quadratic voting (QV)? First, who will vote? Although the core … examine reasons that, in large-N elections, the number of votes that an individual casts may deviate substantially from that …

. Accordingly, we examine a complementary model of large-N elections at the opposite end of the spectrum, where pivotality effects …