The current Water Abstraction License (WAL) regime in Italy is no longer flexible enough to cope with the challenges … economically most important in Italy. PRBD’s WAL regime includes a rigid and scattered WAL normative that hinders the performance … that can inform reform of water allocations in the PRBD and elsewhere in Italy and in Europe. …

. Italy is considered a particularly appropriate case study, since the country characterized by diverse geographical features … lowest in the north of Italy. Significantly, publicly owned companies levy lower tariffs than mixed and private utilities …