This study aims at presenting the legally, technically, and economically empowered suggestion for a clear definition of a competitive market of gas fuels and electricity of a Member State in order to be utilized within trans-border trade of these utilities, as required by the European Union (EU)...

On 11 April 2024 the European Parliament adopted the Renewable and Natural Gases and Hydrogen (RNGH) Directive and the RNGH Regulation – otherwise known as the Decarbonised Gas and Hydrogen Package – and published both documents on 12 April 2024. Once approved by the Council and published in...

Natural gas plays an important role in the future development of electricity markets, as it is the least emission-intensive fossil generation option and additionally provides the needed plant operating flexibility to deal with intermittent renewable generation. As both the electricity and the...

The European gas industry has experienced over the last decades an extraordinary success. Natural gas could well continue to play an important -and even increasing- role in the future European energy mix. However, some actions will be necessary to reinforce the overall EU gas security of supply...

The European Gas Directive introduced the concept of 'gas storage subject to open access and third party access regime' (TPA Storage) in 2003. Yet, due to the vague criteria of 'technically and/or economically necessary for providing efficient access to the system for the supply of customers',...