education in China appear to be zero. We estimate an instrumental variables fixed effects model where share of college graduates … is instrumented by the number of universities with special status and find positive external returns to education of … rural, men, and low-educated workers. This finding provides the motivation for increasing education investment in rural …

. However, if the programme generates externalities for non-participants such an approach will capture only part of the …

levels? This paper aims to examine these issues with a particular focus on the importance of externalities. Externalities are … defined as region-specific economic effects influencing firm efficiency. These externalities can be broadly divided in the … following categories: i) urbanization economies which relate to diversity and density (Jacobs externalities), ii) localization …

with the emergence of modern times. This concerns competitiveness, positioning in the tourism market, education and … analysed, as well as the levels and roles of specialisation in the removal of externalities. At the same time, the paper …

known about the private return to education, much less is known about the more important question of what happens to … of human capital can benefit society in ways that are not fully reflected in the private return of education. Human … individual productivity. Furthermore, increases in education can reduce criminal participation and improve voters political …

development environment and long-term alternatives in order to improve the quality of life and eliminate possible impoverishment …

literature at the intersection of ecological economics and political ecology. Despite offering numerous insights regarding the …