In this chapter we look at the spatial distribution of economic activities in China and Japan. Japan has excellent data and relatively uniform institutions since World War II, which allow us to track its spatial evolution and detail its key features today. For Japan we show how structural shifts...

The most straightforward policy evaluation model is the consumer surplus approach, which adopts a partial equilibrium analysis framework. Using consumer surplus, which can be measured by the area to the left of the demand curve, this framework is extremely simple yet applicable in a surprising...

The purpose of this paper is to elucidate a method for constructing a small-scale policy evaluation model that is applicable to assessing actual policies. The approach adopted in the paper is to construct a perfectly consistent small-scale model adopting the user-friendly CES function, while...