analysis to investigate implications of retaliation. We find a threshold effect: below a certain coalition size the effect of … retaliation predominates and decreases incentives to be a coalition member. In coalitions above the threshold size the effect of … suggests that only after a sufficiently large climate coalition has already been formed, the threat of trade sanctions might be …

coalitions consist of regions with low marginal abatement costs that are attractive partners in any coalition and regions … not be conducive to success: in fact, a grandfathering scheme leads to the most successful coalition in terms of global …

stable coalition is small. This grim picture challenges the perspective and design of international agreements. This article …