Endoh, Masahiro; Hamada, Koichi; Shimomura, Koji - 2008
PTAs are generally negotiated without any tariff concessions or transfers to non-member countries. Can such a PTA … benefit the neighbors' welfare? In a two-good competitive equilibrium model in the absence of an entrepôt, a PTA without …, however, it definitely improves the neighbors' welfare. In a multiple-good model, a PTA without concessions deteriorates the …