achievement. Contrary to many earlier studies, tests for early borrowing constraints suggest that parents are not constrained in … early investments in their children's achievement, and thus that the timing of income does not matter for long-term child …

In this paper we study the process of children's skill formation. The identification of this process is challenging … because children's skills are observed only through arbitrarily scaled and imperfect measures. Using a dynamic la- tent factor …. Moreover, we find that the marginal productivity of early investments is substantially higher for children with lower existing …

We develop a new estimator for the process of children's skill formation in which children's skills endogenously … United States, we estimate the technology of skill formation, the process of parental investments in children, and the adult … children with lower existing skills, suggesting the optimal targeting of interventions to disadvantaged children. Our estimates …

their twenties. The iconic programs are omnibus in nature and offer many services to children and their parents. We compare … intergenerational effects on their children. A study of focused home-visiting programs that target parents enables us to isolate a …This paper compares early childhood enrichment programs that promote social mobility for disadvantaged children within …

-Saharan Africa). This suggests a dominant role for the parents in determining educational opportunities of children. Evidence on the …