Commercial and financial transactions between countries induce payment flows, which influence exchange rates. Exchange rates tend to follow the movements of the current account with a lag. The adjustment delay occurs as countries finance balance of payments deficits by borrowing from abroad....

Forecasting exchange rates remains a tricky issue for economists. In spite of a theoretical consistent framework, macroeconomic models fail to beat random walk models and market expectations doesn't have any predictive power. This article addresses some problems of exchange rate macroeconomic...

The purpose of this study is to estimate the effects of Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) on Sudan trade balance (TB). The present situation is confusing for all in Sudan with discrepancies in market effective foreign currencies and government declared prices. For example, one US$ in the...

Equilibrium exchange rate theories make the assumption that the Real Equilibrium Exchange Rate (RER) is independent from internal equilibrium and economic policies. We develop a model in which economic policies depend on the minimisation of an intertemporal loss function, and we show that in a...

This paper reviews three different concepts of equilibrium exchange rates that are widely used in policy analysis and constitute the backbone of the IMF CGER assessment: the Macroeconomic Balance, the External Sustainability and the reduced form approaches. We raise a number of econometric...

Understanding and predicting the evolution of exports after a change in the nominal exchange rate is of central importance in international economics. Most of the literature focuses on estimating this relationship by reduced form, with the aim of uncovering a single structural parameter, but...

This paper reviews recent developments in the exchange system in the Islamic Republic of Iran and in the real effective exchange rate (REER). It also considers the determinants of the REER in connection with the choice of exchange regime after unification. The study illustrates how economic...

On the basis of historical data aggregated over the period 1973 to 2000, we estimated four different equilibrium exchange rate models for the synthetic euro. Using the same data set, variable definitions and sample period offers the possibility to assess the uncertainty surrounding such...

Objective of this study is to estimate the impact of real exchange rate depreciation on balance of trade in Pakistan. The study examines validity of the Marshall Lerner condition in Pakistan data (1970-2008) by using impulse response function which fulfills the J-curve idea. To evaluate long run...

Equilibrium exchange rate is a key concept to measure whether the RMB exchange rate is undervalue or overvalued. This paper try to calculate the equilibrium exchange rate from 1985 to 2013 by the reduced-form equation which provided by Clark and Ronald Macdonald (1988). The exchange rate...