The report argues that the European Union's Trade Defence Instruments (TDI) increasingly target renewable energy sources, such as biodiesel, bioethanol and solar panels. In addition, the TDI measures on renewable energy sources affect an import value of about EUR 14 billion, which is almost 75...

Drivers of environmental quality have recently been identified in a large body of literature. However, the ecological effects of both regimes of monetary policy remain under-explored so far. Moreover, previous studies use limited samples and econometric approaches. Climate change from the...

Rising energy prices might lead to adjustments along the supply chain and make firms outsource energy-intensive processes. This could lead to carbon leakage. I provide empirical evidence whether energy price-induced offshoring occurs using firm-level data on energy use, imports, and material...

An essential element of the work of the Fund is to monitor and forecast international trade. This paper uses SWIFT messages on letters of credit, together with crude oil prices and new export orders of manufacturing Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI), to improve the short-term forecast of...

Ein Versagen des Preismechanismus im Gasmarkt ist nicht ausgeschlossen. Der Beitrag erläutert, wie es zu einem Marktzusammenbruch kommen kann und welche Auswirkungen bereits die Möglichkeit eines Marktkollapses haben kann. Es wird gezeigt, welche Elemente ein ökonomisches Regelwerk im...

This paper compares different results from a set of energy scenarios produced by international energy experts, in order to analyze projections on increasing European external energy dependence and vulnerability. Comparison among different scenarios constitutes the basis of a critical review of...

Der wachsende europäische Erdgasbedarf kann in Zukunft von einer deutlich höheren Anzahl von Anbietern als in der Vergangenheit bedient werden, die bedingt durch den technischen Fortschritt in der Förderung und im Transportbereich für Europa relevant geworden sind. Diese Ausweiterung der...

Europe's increasing import dependency in natural gas facilitates a number of new infrastructure projects. However, up to now it has always been diffcult to assess the full impact of these projects as interdependencies within the whole European gas infrastructure system were hard to predict. We...

Due to the increasing European import dependency, significant additional natural gas volumes will be required. In addition to the Nord Stream pipeline, the Nabucco and South Stream pipeline are projects planned for the next decade to provide further gas supplies to the European market. As one of...

The issue of security of gas supplies is frequently discussed on the basis of intuitive and non-systematic arguments. Greater import dependence is normally equated with greater insecurity, and strategic stocks are the risk management tool most commonly considered. This paper strives to offer a...