. Unemployment increases the relative attractiveness of large and less violent gangs engaging more in property crime …Empirical evidence reveals that unemployment tends to increase property crime but that it has no effect on violent … crime. To explain these facts, we examine a model of criminal gangs and suggest that there is a substitution effect between …

. Unemployment increases the relative attractiveness of large and less violent gangs engaging more in property crime. …Empirical evidence reveals that unemployment tends to increase property crime but that it has no effect on violent … crime. To explain these facts, we examine a model of criminal gangs and suggest that there is a substitution effect between …

Democratic societies are challenged by various violent and organized groups, be they terrorists, gangs or organized … hooligans. In exchange for offering an identity, leaders in such groups typically require members to be violent. We introduce a … marginal cost of violence always reduces violence, while increasing the indiscriminate fixed cost may backfire and result in …

governments, use violence to enforce rules, the net impact of gangs is to lower violent crime. We test this hypothesis and offer … gang activity and violent crime than is widely accepted. While areas with more gang activity also have more violence, our … theory suggests gangs form as protection agencies precisely in areas with high violent crime rates. While gangs, like …

reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …

double dividend in that it reduces both minor offenses and more severe crime. We develop a model of criminal subcultures in … attractive for some people who would otherwise commit more severe crime. If social status is sufficiently important in criminal … subcultures, zero-tolerance reduces crime across the board. -- status concerns ; street crime ; subcultures ; penalties ; zero …

double dividend in that it reduces both minor offenses and more severe crime. We develop a model of criminal subcultures in … attractive for some people who would otherwise commit more severe crime. If social status is sufficiently important in criminal … subcultures, zero-tolerance reduces crime across the board …

double dividend in that it reduces both minor offenses and more severe crime. We develop a model of criminal subcultures in … attractive for some people who would otherwise commit more severe crime. If social status is sufficiently important in criminal … subcultures, zero-tolerance reduces crime across the board …

reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively "gutless" individuals from … relatively "tough" individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …

We study desensitization to crime in a lab experiment by showing footage of criminal acts to a group of subjects, some … control before and after treated participants watch a series of real, crime-related videos (while the control group watches … non-crime-related videos). Not previously victimized participants exposed to the treatment video show significant changes …