Highlights:• State-of-art review of vine copulas and stationary vine copulas.• Two types of vine copula models to capture cross-sectional and temporal dependence in ESG data.• Extreme ESG classes (i.e., classes A and D) show the highest and nonGaussian dependence to the market.• Future...

With the availability of massive multivariate data comes a need to develop flexible multivariate distribution classes. The copula approach allows marginal models to be constructed for each variable separately and joined with a dependence structure characterized by a copula. The class of...