This paper surveys recent empirical studies examining various fields of cultural production in order to scrutinize to what extent they can inform drafting new policies in the field of liberalizing the trade in cultural goods and services. The analysis focuses on three main groups of empirical...

In the 1990s, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) granted assistance to developing countries that faced severe financial crises in South America. Disbursements of financial assistance were conditioned on the fulfilment of a set of requirements. Conditions were described in the letter of intent...

This paper concerns the purposes of WTO retaliation. There are two most competing purposes of WTO retaliation: inducing compliance and rebalancing. My paper introduces another purpose of retaliation that is reflected in the EC – Hormones dispute: inducing a mutually agreeable solution. In May...

Throughout the 20th century, the culture and trade debate evolved with the emergence of related concepts, such as cultural industries, cultural specificity, and cultural diversity. Traditionally, the dominant regulatory method in approaching the relationship between cultural concerns, on the one...

The G-20 has been established more than 10 years ago as a reaction to the Asian financial crisis without - at first - gaining much weight on the international scene, however, the financial crisis of 2007/08 has caused a re-vitalization on a higher level, namely as body of the "G-20 Leaders". The...

This study aims to explore the ‘clash of cultures’ between international investment law and international cultural law. When countries pursue economic growth, their policy makers may have an incentive to lower cultural standards to promote economic activities. If states nonetheless maintain...

Investor treaty arbitration has frequently been criticized for sacrificing host state regulatory autonomy in favour of broad-ranging investor rights. Perhaps in response to such criticisms, an increasing number of arbitral tribunals have begun to take into account public interest considerations...

Using a large panel for 95 countries and the 1972–2014 period, this paper analyses the interactions among globalization, political & civil rights and economic convergence, through a simultaneous estimation technique. We use a multi-dimensional, de facto, and continuous measures of Freedoms and...

This is the introductory chapter to our book When Cooperation Fails: The International Law and Politics of Genetically Modified Foods (Oxford University Press). It provides the argument of the book and introduces the individual chapters. We investigate the obstacles to reconciling regulatory...

The unprecedented drop in international trade during the last quarter of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009 has mainly been analysed at the macroeconomic or sectoral level. However, exporters who are heterogeneous in terms of productivity, size or external financial dependence should be...