We analyze the tradeoff between child quantity and quality in developing countries by estimating the effect of family size on child education in urban Philippines. To isolate exogenous changes in family size, we exploit a policy shock: in the late 1990s, the mayor of Manila enacted a municipal...

How persistent and universal has the two child family ideal been in Europe during the last three decades? We analyse responses of women of reproductive age from 168 surveys conducted in 37 countries in 1979-2012. A two-child ideal has become nearly universal among women in all parts of Europe....

The rising participation of women in paid work has not only heightened demand for universal early education and care programs but also led to increased use of childcare amongst children at earlier ages. Prior research investigating Quebec’s universal highly subsidized childcare documented...