high rates of regional violence. But little quantitative evidence exists on the causal relationship between violence and … international emigration in this or any other region. This paper studies the relationship between violence in the Northern Triangle …-term increases in violence is roughly equal to the explanatory power of long-term economic characteristics like average income and …

absence of state authority, insecurity and crime generate a demand for protection. When the protection providers themselves … are recruited among criminals, the prospect of graduating to the Firm magnifies the incentive for violent crime. More … violence in turn increases the income of the protection providers. The result is a violence multiplier. Combining elements from …

history of violence. We find that being in a drinking environment, rather than intoxication, reduces participants' cognitive … results suggest that individuals underestimate their true likelihood of becoming involved in violence when making alcohol … consumption decisions. This presents additional challenges when formulating policy designed to deter alcohol-fuelled violence. …

victimization surveys and compares the role of individual and family characteristics for five forms of childhood violence, including …, aggravated violence, and domestic abuse; that 30% of young victims of sex and threats will be victimized again; and that the …