formation of parties. The four cleavages have to be reinterpreted and additional ones need to be identified. In Indonesia …, economic cleavages are hardly significant in conflicts between political parties (especially the “capital” versus “labour … “rural”). In addition, in comparison with 1999 and particularly with the 1950s, today’s cleavages are less marked. Thus, the …

role in inducing vote switching. Secondly, the analysis shows that demand-side factors—such as socio-economic cleavages and …

organisational consolidation of social cleavages, such as in Indonesia, enhances institutionalisation. Furthermore, the relation … Thailand with reference to 'value infusion'. In addition, the party system in Indonesia is better institutionalised in terms of … Asia ; Indonesia ; Philippines ; Thailand …

formation of parties. The four cleavages have to be reinterpreted and additional ones need to be identified. In Indonesia … dealignment of parties. -- Indonesia ; party system ; cleavages ; historical analysis …, economic cleavages are hardly significant in conflicts between political parties (especially the "capital" versus "labour …