This study contributes to the debate on estimating the size of underground economy, by proposing a reinterpretation of the Currency Demand Approach (CDA). Three main innovations are introduced. First, a direct measure of cash transactions is taken as dependent variable in the money demand...

This study contributes to the debate on estimating the size of underground economy, by proposing a reinterpretation of the Currency Demand Approach (CDA). Three main innovations are introduced. First, a direct measure of cash transactions is taken as dependent variable in the money demand...

We contribute to the debate on how to assess the size of the underground or shadow economy with a reinterpretation of the traditional Currency Demand Approach (CDA) à la Tanzi. We introduce three main innovations. First, we take as dependent variable in the money demand equation a direct...

The aim of this paper is to account for the impact of statistical noise and exogenous regulatory and environmental factors on the efficiency of public transit systems in a DEA-based framework. To this end, we implement a three-stage DEA-SFA mixed approach based on Fried et al. (2002) using a...