a patented item exhausts patent protection as to that particular item. However, it is unclear how the patent exhaustion … rather than patent law should govern the patent holder’s rights in an object embodying self-replicating technology after an …

to obtain patent rights in hopes that the patent incentive will foster commercialization, as well as generate revenues to … patent and licensing practices. Specific suggestions to modify the currently proposed regulations are provided …

the short- and long-run impacts. To measure these relationships quantitatively, we focus on patents as a key factor … of return to pharmaceutical research as protected by patents. We conclude with unambiguous results that pharmaceutical … patents are not correlated with higher short-run prices in any measure of medical costs. They are associated with higher long …

The purpose of patent policy is to balance the incentive to invent against the ability of the economy to utilize and … incorporate new inventions and innovations. Substandard patents that upset this balance impose deadweight losses and other costs … on the economy. In this paper, we examine some of the deadweight losses that result from granting substandard patents in …

, rather than a single, abstract act of conception, (2) reducing blockage of future innovation by discouraging patents on …For much of the past decade, scholars and others have criticized the U.S. patent system for a variety of legal … five years. Unfortunately, pending bills for so-called patent “reform” would make little or no fundamental substantive …

Due to an anti-failure bias, theoretical and practical studies have not focused much on the problem of innovation … failure. The literature does not include studies on how the effect of re-innovation input on firm performance can still be … explained by existing theories, especially in the case of previous innovation failures. To explore the intrinsic relationship …

Innovation has a role to play to mitigate water-related risks and to support the provision of water services on which … our well-being and sustainable development depend. Water-related innovation originate in a wide range of countries, with … different levels of ambition. They disseminate at different scales globally. This paper uses patent data to document trends in …