effect of this environment- as with any other specialized resource, institutions may be used for expropriation purposes. They … parties and the market. Third, Market enforcement is based on reputational assets that are badly exposed to opportunism. …

provides stronger enforcement of contracts facilitates the development of financial markets, which, in turn, enables firms to …

ethic” that would lead them to monitor each other’s conduct, support political and legal institutions and hold more …

middle-income countries advance toward the aforementioned development objectives, even in the face of weak enforcement …

most theories of trade cooperation are issues of self-enforcement: The threat of reprisal by an aggrieved party maintains … institutions are needed, since under standard assumptions, neither defection from the rules nor disputes are expected to occur … models of enforcement (primarily concerned with acts of punishment) for being insufficient in explaining the existence of …

whether forest income varies according to the extent of rule enforcement, and congruence (i.e., overlap of user rights between … owners and users). We find negative associations between enforcement and smallholder forest income for state-owned and … community forests. Our findings suggest that policy reforms emphasizing enforcement and reducing overlapping claims to forest …