As the U.S. government has become increasingly intolerant of national security risks sometimes attendant to foreign investment, Stephen Heifetz suggests the government should consider the costs of that risk avoidance and should alter its approach.

Bayes' theorem incorporates distinct types of information through the likelihood and prior. Direct observations of state variables enter the likelihood and modify posterior probabilities through consistent updating. Information in terms of expected values of state variables modify posterior...

This article compares a general cross-lagged model (GCLM) to other panel data methods based on their coherence with a causal logic and pragmatic concerns regarding modeled dynamics and hypothesis testing. We examine three “static” models that do not incorporate temporal dynamics: random- and...