One of the most controversial regulatory issues in Europe (and elsewhere) is whether the emerging next-generation access (NGA) infrastructure should be subjected to cost-based access regulation or whether at least a temporary removal of ex ante obligations (“regulatory holidays”) should be...

Mergers that substantially lessen competition are challenged by antitrust authorities. Instead of blocking anticompetitive transitions straight away, authorities might choose to negotiate with the merging parties and allow the transactions to proceed with modifications that restore or preserve...

Using data from the Austrian retail gasoline market we test the following two hypotheses derived from spatial economics: (i) Retail shops are more densely located in areas with a higher population density. (ii) Spatial competition equilibrium prices are decreasing in the density of seller...

For a large panel of US firms it is found that managerial ownership is (econometrically) endogenous as Himmelberg et al. (Journal of Financial Economics, 53, 353-384, 1999) found. The largest shareholder, however, affects performance exogenously. This also holds for German firms.

This article contributes in at least three ways to the investment-cash flow literature. First, it finds that the corporate governance environment of a firm affects the relationship between investment and cash flow. Second, it allows for both asymmetric information and managerial discretion...

Many studies of the determinants of investment use Tobin’s q to control for the investment opportunities of a firm. Tobin’s q roughly measures the average return on a firm’s capital anticipated by the market. More relevant for investment decisions, however, is the marginal return on...