foundations, how polarization is distinct from inequality and other ways of considering distances and differences across …This chapter reviews the basic conceptual foundations for the measurement of polarization, the origins of those … individuals, and how polarization can be measured in an economic, a social, and a hybrid socioeconomic perspective. The chapter …

, it is shown that the inequality of that distribution is stable and that its degree of polarization has a decreasing trend …The paper discusses the concept of polarization of an income distribution and examines the earnings distribution of …. Next, the paper analyses the changes in the inequality between permanent and temporary employees and between those with or …

This note provides simple tests for first-order bi-polarization orderings of distributions of living standards. In … tests of bi-polarization. …

The purpose of this article is to contribute to the analysis of Chinese income inequality by focusing more specifically … on income polarization, which captures both alienation (i.e. heterogeneity between income groups) and identification (i … stagnation between 1989 and 1997, the degree of polarization increased significantly between 1997 and 2006, indicating the …

In this paper, it will be shown that polarization not only depends on identification and alienation. There exist … compute it. Consistent with this idea and with the basic principles of polarization of Esteban and Ray (1994), we define a … measure of polarization as the product of three factors: the alienation-identification, the share of power of the groups and …

The relationship between income inequality and polarization is an empirical fact: a change in equality might occur … together with a change in polarization. At the same time, polarization might emerge while inequality remains constant. The … the disposable income distributions evolved over time. The results indicate that polarization increased in all the …

This study examines empirically the impact of income polarization on economic growth in an unbalanced panel of more … than 70 countries during the 1960–2005 period. We calculate various polarization indices using existing micro …-level datasets, as well as datasets reconstructed from grouped data on income distribution taken from the World Income Inequality …

the reduction in polarization by income sources. In the same period we find that in the case of labor earnings there was a … polarization within this income source. This phenomenon resembles the Anglo-Saxon experience of the shrinking middle class. …

calculate inequality and polarization indices and then we specifically analyze whether the Spanish tax-benefit system helped to …

function of the Gini coefficient, the Herfindahl-Hirschman fractionalization index, and a specific measure of polarization due …