Several studies have found that the cross-section of stock returns reflects a risk premium for bearing downside risk …; however, existing measures of downside risk have poor power for predicting returns. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel … measure of downside risk, the ES-implied beta, to improve the prediction of the cross-section of asset returns. The ES …

can be used in risk measurement and forecasting. Value at risk (VaR) is a widely used measure of financial risk, which … assumptions alone in measuring risk. Cushioning against risk has always created a plethora of complexities and challenges; hence …, this paper attempts to analyse statistical properties of various risk measures in a not normal distribution and provide a …