, more productive and pay higher wages than non-exporting firms. Only these firms are able to bear export costs, related to …, only few enterprises actually export, and the intensity of aggregate export concentration within few large firms varies … across countries and sectors. On the other hand, opening to trade boosts individual firms’ productivity growth, via a number …

growth of firm-level productivity and cash-ow and higher export entry rates. We find negative average effects for firms in … manufacturing firms' integration into global value chains: firms in emerging Asia are very export oriented relative to their … compared to their export orientation; firms from high-income countries export on average as much as they import. Motivated by …