With rural extreme poverty officially eradicated in 2020, China is to move to measuring relative poverty in urban and … rural areas. Relative poverty describes circumstances in which people cannot afford actively to participate in society and … percent of national median disposable income. While a single poverty threshold symbolises national unity, separate poverty …

Programs to fight poverty aim at allowing individuals to support themselves ex-post, when they are not part of the …

- better cushions the poverty effects of income shocks in a developing economy. We compare the effectiveness of the three … benefit schemes on poverty first conceptually and then by considering two different crisis scenarios, the COVID-19 pandemic … the proxy-means-tested benefits are the most effective in reducing the poverty gap index, a simple categorical benefit is …