: greater investment by an agent shifts the attack to other parts of the network …

networks, is that because security investments create positive externalities on other agents, there will be under-investment in … strategic substitutes. In a general (non-symmetric) network, this implies that under-investment by some agents will encourage … over-investment by others. We demonstrate, by means of examples, there can be over-investment by some agents, and also that …

: greater investment by an agent shifts the attack to other parts of the network …

announcement of the tax rate seems to be preferable to solve hold-up problems with respect to the investment in environmental R …

-tariff measures (NTMs), such as technological measures, standards, and intellectual property rights, as a means of strategic trade … policies instead of conventional ones. The varieties and volume of NTMs have thus increased.Among NTMs, standards refer to a … Agreement) Standards are intended primarily to improve the compatibility and quality of products and reinforce consumer …