Background: The exposure of children to secondhand smoke at home and elsewhere has been largely an overlooked problem in Japan, regardless of widely well spread knowledge about health risk of secondhand smoke exposure to children. Furthermore, evidence and study are limited and little is known...

Background: User fees, transportation costs, and time costs impair access to healthcare by rural communities in low and middle income countries. However, effects of time costs on demand for healthcare are less understood than effects of user fees for health providers. In addition, prospective...