corporate laws to determine liability of different group of companies, holding and associate companies. There has been a complex … capital, technology transfer etc. This article seek to determine the liability of such companies in different possible …

payout or risk, but more likely undertake acquisitions. These results suggest that the benefits of limited liability are …

This paper offers a structural tool for examining various parental liability approaches for the externalities of its … separate legal personality and limited liability, either within traditional company law or within alternative approaches … traditional company law. The situation is exacerbated by the general lack of an extraterritorial liability approach and of …

, including those related to the issue of corporate ATS liability. The Supreme Court in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. in … position prior to the rise of ATS litigation, several strategies to impose liability on MNEs for the acts of offshore …

. It is obvious that potential corporate liability under any regime gives incentives to group companies for structuring … themselves in a way that, if ever agents who do not respect human right will be held responsible, the liability risks remain … invoke veil-piercing, direct liability or forum-doctrines to tap the financial capability of the parent company. Following …

Firms that do not have enough assets to cover potential tort liability have a reduced incentive to take safety … debts. Many commentators have suggested that there should be an exception to the rule of limited liability for closely held … scale. Courts could balance these factors by beginning with a presumption of liability for the parents of subsidiaries that …