The shipping industry carries over 90 percent of the world's trade, and is hence a major contributor to CO2 and other … Areas) regulations has given rise to the wide usage of cleaner fuels. This has led to an increased emphasis on the … management and risk control of maritime bunker costs for many shipping companies. In this paper, we provide a novel view on the …

reverse conditions between shipping, financial, commodity and credit markets. We find that shocks in the shipping market … market downturns. In the post crisis period the level of dependence drops systematically and the shipping market becomes more … variations in volatility, provoke accelerated decreases and function as a barometer of shipping market fluctuations …