the subject of the admission of women. It is shown that socio-economic, constitutional and legal arguments were deployed … to resist the admission of women. The apparent public consensus among the Scottish chartered societies on this issue hid … the divergent opinions which were uttered in private. Proposals for the organization of the profession in a gender …

In the US, marital status is more important than work history in determining economic security for many older women …. Two-thirds of older women in the US receive spouse or widow Social Security benefits. These benefits generally require … recipients to be currently married or to have had a ten-year marriage. Declining marriage rates, coupled with shorter marriages …

household wealth in the United States varies by gender and family type. Evidence is found of large differences in observed … observable characteristics correlated with gender and wealth - such as position in the life cycle, education, and family earnings …

The European employment strategy initiated in 1997 is critically dependent upon the further integration of women into … the labor market. The European Union has set a specific target employment rate for women of 60 percent by 2010 and is also … committed to providing more and better child care facilities. This gender focus is reinforced by the requirement for gender …

of women's lives and suggests instead an alternative emphasis on the many ways in which gendered relations of dominance …

wage” for a job. I examine this process to see how it can lead to underpaying women, relying on a 1989 study of government … wage-setting in the State of Washington and my own study of government wage-setting in the State of California. Gender …

payments for the purposes of retirement savings addresses this option. This system poses particular difficulties for women who … the low probability that women will accumulate adequate independent private retirement income. Over their lifetimes …, Australian women baby boomers will spend around 35 percent less time in paid employment than their male counterparts. The …

This paper analyzes changes in labor force participation rates over time for gender- and ethnicity …-differentiated groups in urban China. From 1990 to 2000, urban labor force participation rates fell substantially with women's rates … declining more rapidly than men's and minority women's declining more rapidly than Han women's. Women's labor force …

patterns of gender and familial status discrimination that differ markedly by race in the US. White couples with children … Hispanic mothers but not white mothers. On the other hand, it was true across racial groups that single women, more than single …

allocation of time in both paid and unpaid work. Gender divisions relating to working time arise primarily from differences in … gender divisions within the household but the extent and form that these gender divisions take in the labor market are … different implications for gender equality. Current interests in greater flexibility in working time are leading to pressures to …