, yet sides lines do not show a similar bias. While market participants generally force line movements in the correct … direction from open to close, they do not fully remove the identified bias in totals lines. This inefficiency enables a …

season 2009-2010) and the UEFA Champions League (in season 2010-2011) was associated with lower referee bias. To this end, we … means of bivariate probit regression models. We find evidence for substantial referee bias before the introduction of … of referee bias and that they are not just picking up a general time evolution towards less referee bias or the effect of …

The aim of the research was to analyze the gender bias in teaching efficacy scale. The measurement based on the teacher …

A standing issue is how to measure bias in Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT. We devise a novel method of … capture political bias in ChatGPT. Our results indicate that, by default, ChatGPT is aligned with Democrats in the US. Placebo … tests indicate that our results are due to bias, not noise or spurious relationships. Robustness tests show that our …

Libraries as knowledge organizations excel in organizing knowledge for the sake of its efficient retrieval. A Library …, since being a storehouse of interdisciplinary knowledge and information, access to the universe of knowledge constitutes an … essential precondition for information dissemination. This research attempts to understand how knowledge is organized and …