We develop a spatial model of energy exploitation where energy sources are differentiated by their geographic location and energy density. The spatial setting creates a scaling law that magnifies the importance of differences across energy sources. As a result, renewable sources twice as dense,...

The authors examine a small open economy with an open-access renewable resource. Using a two-sector general equilibrium model, they characterize the autarkic steady state and then show that trade reduces steady-state utility for a diversified resource exporter. Instantaneous gains occur as trade...

We use theory and empirics to examine the effect of environmental regulations on trade flows. A simple model demonstrates how unobserved heterogeneity, endogeneity, and aggregation issues bias standard measurements of this relationship. A reduced-form estimate of the model, using data on U.S....