Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have emerged as major actors in international business. NGOs have assumed a particularly prominent role in influencing the interaction between business and governments over the terms of international business rules, norms, and practices, especially the...

In this paper, we examine the effect of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) on the transaction costs multinational enterprises (MNEs) assume in their nonmarket social development strategies. We develop propositions to predict the effect of three important aspects of the institutional context on...

We examine the impact of institutional quality on early stage and formal entrepreneurial activity and on knowledge spillovers. We use four institutional variables – the protection of property rights, business freedom, financial depth, and corruption as proxies for institutional quality....

In this study, we draw on industrial organization and institutional research to explore the relationship between market convergence and standardization of advertising programs. We argue that environmental isomorphism, which maintains that the external market environment is a principal driver of...

The 1990s witnessed a boom in foreign direct investment (FDI) in infrastructure sectors in developing countries, which was surprising for at least two reasons. First, infrastructure sectors, unlike manufacturing, suffer from the "market failure" problem, and the solution to that...