We argue that multinational enterprises (MNEs) not only strive to minimize transaction costs but also attempt to maximize transaction values when interacting with local firms in foreign markets. We put forth our thesis for the MNE governance structure, contingent on the institutional environment...

We propose that formal and informal enforcement mechanisms have a substituting as well as complementing effect. Building on the literature on cooperation in the provision F public good, we argue that the effectiveness of punishment vs. protection as a formal mechanism hinges on the extent to...

We argue that the effectiveness of aligning incentives through greed and fear reductions cannot be examined independent of the relational context molded by trust and time horizon. We propose that trust and time horizon jointly give rise to apprehension and temptation, which in turn generate...