exploration of the three interdependent dimensions of trade connectivity: maritime networks, port efficiency, and hinterland … Spain, Egypt, and Morocco) and five case studies on hinterland development (Barcelona; Malta; Marseilles; Port Said East … connecting riparian cities and beyond to their hinterland. The Mediterranean has complex trade patterns and routes--but with key …

welfare only and decide on the capacity of the port and of the hinterland network. We obtain the following results. First …, profit-maximizing ports internalize hinterland congestion in as far as it affects their customers. Second, investment in port … capacity reduces prices and congestion at both ports, but increases hinterland congestion in the region where the port …