This paper proposes a theory of the fiscal foundations of inflation based on imperfect knowledge and learning. The … theory is similar in spirit to, but distinct from, unpleasant monetarist arithmetic and the fiscal theory of the price level … scale and composition of the public debt, matter for inflation. As a result, fiscal policy constrains the efficacy of …

central banks target inflation at a rate of about 2 percent. Many economists have recently proposed even higher inflation … importance of appropriately accounting for a low, positive trend inflation rate for the conduct of monetary policy. We first … review empirical research on the evolution and dynamics of U.S. trend inflation, as well as some proposed new measures to …