This contribution discusses WTO subsidies disciplines in the context of the energy sector. After laying out the relevant disciplines, it will discuss the paradox of WTO law with respect to subsidies towards fossil fuels vis-à-vis those towards renewable energy. It is clear that subsidies on...

Environmentally harmful fossil fuel subsidies were notably absent from efforts to enhance the mutual supportiveness of trade and environment in the multilateral trading system. However, a combination of several factors has recently propelled the reform of such subsidies into prominence on the...

The aim of the article is to present a review of the literature on energy subsidies and the scale and structure of subsidies for energy production in the Visegrad Group countries. It also presents the most important results of an investigation into the relationship and impact of fossil fuel...

This chapter examines the role of non-state actors in promoting compliance with climate change instruments and finds that their contribution has been substantial. Non-state actors are proven enforcers – sometimes more effective than states. Climate cases brought by non-state actors to...