Purpose - The aim of this article is to specify the determining factors behind the decision to adopt either an internal or external means of the household waste management service in Moroccan local authorities (LAs), particularly in the "communes". Research methodology - The methodology applied...

Politics and history scholars are increasingly thinking about the relationship between the state and provision of public services, especially welfare. They find that the federal government relies extensively on third-party actors, resulting in 'shadow' and 'subterranean' welfare states. But to...