This paper inquires the following research question that “to what extent, do election years have explanatory power to … expenditures and decrease(s) taxation before the elections for re-election prospect. This paper’s arguments are twofold. First … district level from Turkish Statistical Institute library’s scanned archive documents and on incumbent candidate and party (re-)election …

United v. Federal Election Commission ruling provides an exogenous shock to corporate campaign spending, allowing …

-related activities, and may even decrease mandatory spending, before an election. …

cycles increase government efficiency in election and pre-election years by around 0.75- 0.85 %. The effect is larger when …

before elections to increase their chances of eelection. Most tests of this theory look for evidence of pre-election …

detail on expenditure items, an exogenous fixed election schedule, and homogeneity of Portuguese local governments with … highly visible to the electorate. This behaviour is consistent with an effort to signal competence and increase chances of re-election …