will be sanctionable. Further, attorney's fees will be less available as a sanction even when a violation occurs. Other … than did the most common form of sanction under the 1983 Rule-an award of attorney's fees. Although both fines and fees …

sanctions as punishment under EC cartel law. It examines the traditional rationales of criminal punishment, demonstrating their … personal criminal sanction for cartel activity is necessary if one genuinely wishes to enforce the law in this area. More … this deficiency should be rectified through the use of criminal punishment as reinforcement for other less controversial …

Some theorists argue that a complete understanding of criminal punishment presupposes a theory of state power. Since … be punished cannot in itself justify the infliction of punishment by the state, as non-state agents could presumably give … people their just deserts. One way of addressing the plea for a theory of state power would be to suggest that state …

the participant imposing the sanction and the individual receiving the sanction. Rewards represent a zero sum transfer … from participants giving to those receiving rewards. We contrast reward and sanction institutions in regard to their impact …

enforcement for three different forms of corporate misconduct by combining approaches from the economic theory of crime and … governments have a disinclination to sanction firms whose crime materializes abroad, and why leniency for those who self …

Punishment causes reputational losses in addition to more tangible losses. Lowering the probability of punishment … the certainty rather than the severity of punishment even absent risk-seeking offenders (positive), which causes extreme … optimal enforcement is 'anti-Beckerian': Punishment is symbolic and detection costs are incurred solely to provide …