general competition and sector specific frameworks and rules regarding the regulation of the Internal Energy Market …-by-case solutions, which lack the breadth of objectives expressed by sector regulation. On the other hand, sector regulation seems to … hierarchical priority over sector-specific rules and its direct application cannot be excluded when sector regulation is …

downstream firms. Legal unbundling means that a downstream firm owns the upstream firm but this upstream firm is legally … under quite general conditions legal unbundling yields (weakly) higher quantities in the downstream market than vertical … separation and integration. Therefore, typically consumer surplus will be largest under legal unbundling. Outcomes under legal …

suggests that consumers may benefit most from legal unbundling with strong regulation and parts of ownership given to a … several downstream firms. Under legal unbundling the bottleneck must be operated by a legally independent upstream firm, which … firm can perform non-tariff discrimination. Under perfect legal unbundling the upstream firm maximizes only own profits …

This paper explores the relation between the regulation of monopolistic upstream prices and the incentives of a …

costs in a so-called base year. Such regulation is employed, among others, to govern electricity distribution operators in …. A connected set of price caps exists so that a hybrid regulation consisting of any element in this set and the cost …

unbundling (LLU), and (ii) the incumbent and two alternative operators using the fiber technology. We find that a higher number …