societies - people with MENA roots are often essentialised as a homogenous group of overtly religious Muslims. The simplistic … of integration policies in European nation states and does not explain why only a tiny minority of Muslims participate in … Islamist groups. Hard multiculturalism has been used to essentialise Muslims and claim that they segregate themselves and are …

measured by various indicators, decreased significantly relative to that of non-Muslims immigrants whereas there is no evidence … for the existence of a negative trend in the integration of Muslims prior to the terrorist attacks. We further show that … terrorism has a particularly negative impact on the integration of the highly educated, employed, and less religious Muslims …