This paper presents the first MIMIC (multiple indicator multiple causes) model estimate of the size and development of the shadow economy and of do-it-yourself (DIY) activities in Germany from 1970 to 2005. By 2005, they reached a level of about 17% and 4.94%. While the shadow economy has...

The last two decades witnessed fundamental changes in the financial sectors ofindustrialized economies. Deregulation, the removal of entry barriers, the developmentof new financial products and services and technological change continue tospur structural changes in the financial industry. This...