[Extract] Clearly, obtaining a return on investment from long-term assignments is important. First, cost-reduction is one of the reasons MNCs use alternatives to xpatriation, including virtual team assignments and tele-working, short-term assignments, business trips, cross-border commuting,...

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework of severe expatriate crises focusing on the occurrence of “fit-dependent” crisis events, which is when the crisis is “man made” and triggered by expatriates’ maladjustment or acculturation stress in the host...

Contents: Foreword / J. Stewart Black -- Part I History of expatriate studies and its current state of play -- 1. Introduction : overview of early expatriate studies, 1952 to 1979 / Yvonne McNulty and Jan Selmer -- 2. The concept of business expatriates / Yvonne McNulty and Chris Brewster -- 3....