forms of financial discrimination remained, though they were difficult to prove statistically. Instead of reducing the … residue of recalcitrant discrimination, regulators in the 1990s and 2000s instead lowered credit standards and thereby … discriminated against, which was the traditional way that Americans had reduced financial exclusion and discrimination before the …

statistical discrimination, and externalities from social networks). This essay discusses four additional mechanisms that bounded … rationality can explain: (i) implicit discrimination, (ii) self-stereotyping and self-censorship, (iii) ?fast thinking? adapted to …

A central hypothesis about discrimination is that prejudice forces the stigmatized into low paying, undesirable jobs … emerge. By contrast in competitive free markets, exclusionary discrimination often occurs but does not reduce workers' pay … discrimination is misguided: exclusion does not necessarily imply disadvantage; a shortfall in pay does not necessarily imply that …