This paper examines the assertion that returns to schooling increase as an economy transitions to a market environment. This claim has been difficult to assess as existing empirical evidence covers only a few countries over short time periods. A number of studies find that returns to education...

This paper argues that a significant adjustment process has taken place in Polish industry in the early stages of the market-oriented reforms. We analyze comprehensive data on two-digit and three-digit manufacturing industries, disaggregated by firm ownership and size. By focusing on a...